Iceland's Marine Research Institute (MRI) said there is “no reason for such a dramatic conclusion” in the paper.

The Federation of Icelandic Fishing Vessel Owners (FIFVO) warned it is “dangerous” for the study to draw such conclusions from data it claims is too limited, adding it was damaging to the reputation of the fishery.

The principle author hit back at the criticism, saying he would “stand by and defend the claims we make in the paper.”

The paper appeared in the online scientific journal PLoS One on May 28, claiming its data “predicts the imminent collapse of a major cod fishery.”