Eroding state sovereignty: An inability to absorb the stresses of a rapidly-changing climate may erode state sovereignty

Disappearing nations: Many low-lying nations are in danger of being completely submerged by rising seas

Conflict over melting water towers: Climate change can increase tensions and conflict among the 4 billion people dependent on mountain “water towers”

Conflict over fisheries: A warming ocean is driving critical fish stocks into contested waters, contributing to conflict between states

Tensions in a melting Arctic: Increased activity in a melting Arctic raises new security and geopolitical risks

Weaponized water: As climate change exacerbates water stress, non-state actors, including international terrorist organizations, are increasingly using water as a weapon

Disrupted strategic trade routes: Climate change will place strains on maritime straits that are critical for global trade and security

Compromised coffee trade: Climate change may also disrupt critical global trading networks such as the coffee trade. which currently supports 125 million people worldwide

More (and worse) pandemics: Climate change may increase the likelihood and range of pandemics, which could threaten global security

Flooded coastal megacities: Rapidly expanding coastal megacities are threatened by climate impacts like sea level rise, which can destabilize nations

Increased displacement and migration: Climate change is becoming a more significant driver of migration and displacement

Enhanced nuclear risks: Climate change, nuclear security, and policies that are not sensitive to both simultaneously, can increase regional and global security threats

Fisheries among top 12 threats to global security due to climate change